"Vulnerability Factors in Conflict-related Mental Health" – literature search

STUDY: Vulnerability Factors in Conflict-related Mental Health - Complete list of literature

 

Literature identified in search and referenced in article:

• Betancourt, Theresa S., Jessica Agnew-Blais, Stephen E. Gilman, David R. Williams, and B. Heidi Ellis. 2010. “Past Horrors, Present Struggles: The Role of Stigma in the Association between War Experiences and Psychosocial Adjustment among Former Child Soldiers in Sierra Leone.” Social Science & Medicine (1982) 70 (1): 17–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.09.038.

 

• Betancourt, Theresa S., Sarah E. Meyers-Ohki, Alexandra P. Charrow, and Wietse A. Tol. 2013. “Interventions for Children Affected by War: An Ecological Perspective on Psychosocial Support and Mental Health Care.” Harvard Review of Psychiatry 21 (2): 70–91. https://doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0b013e318283bf8f.

 

• Cardozo, Barbara Lopes. 2000. “Mental Health, Social Functioning, and Attitudes of Kosovar Albanians Following the War in Kosovo.” JAMA 284 (5): 569. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.284.5.569.

 

• Gwaikolo, Wilfred S., Brandon A. Kohrt, and Janice L. Cooper. 2017. “Health System Preparedness for Integration of Mental Health Services in Rural Liberia.” BMC Health Services Research 17 (July). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-017-2447-1.

 

• Haar, Rohini J., and Leonard S. Rubenstein. 2012. “Health in Fragile and Post-Conflict States: A Review of Current Understanding and Challenges Ahead.” Medicine, Conflict and Survival 28 (4): 289–316. https://doi.org/10.1080/13623699.2012.743311.

 

• Hassan, G., P. Ventevogel, H. Jefee-Bahloul, A. Barkil-Oteo, and L. J. Kirmayer. 2016. “Mental Health and Psychosocial Wellbeing of Syrians Affected by Armed Conflict.” Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 25 (2): 129–41. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796016000044.

 

• Henderson, Claire, Sara Evans-Lacko, and Graham Thornicroft. 2013. “Mental Illness Stigma, Help Seeking, and Public Health Programs.” American Journal of Public Health 103 (5): 777–80. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301056.

 

• Jegannathan, Bhoomikumar, Gunnar Kullgren, and Parameshvara Deva. 2015. “Mental Health Services in Cambodia, Challenges and Opportunities in a Post-Conflict Setting.” Asian Journal of Psychiatry 13 (February): 75–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2014.12.006.

 

• Johnson, Kirsten. 2008. “Association of Combatant Status and Sexual Violence With Health and Mental Health Outcomes in Postconflict Liberia.” JAMA 300 (6): 676. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.300.6.676.

 

• Kisa, Rose, Florence Baingana, Rehema Kajungu, Patrick O. Mangen, Mangesh Angdembe, Wilfred Gwaikolo, and Janice Cooper. 2016. “Pathways and Access to Mental Health Care Services by Persons Living with Severe Mental Disorders and Epilepsy in Uganda, Liberia and Nepal: A Qualitative Study.” BMC Psychiatry 16 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-1008-1.

 

• Kohli, Anjalee, Nancy A. Perrin, Remy Mitima Mpanano, Luke C. Mullany, Clovis Mitima Murhula, Arsène Kajabika Binkurhorhwa, Alfred Bacikengi Mirindi, et al. 2014. “Risk for Family Rejection and Associated Mental Health Outcomes among Conflict-Affected Adult Women Living in Rural Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.” Health Care for Women International 35 (7–9): 789–807. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2014.903953.

 

• Luitel, Nagendra P., Mark J. D. Jordans, Ram P. Sapkota, Wietse A. Tol, Brandon A. Kohrt, Suraj B. Thapa, Ivan H. Komproe, and Bhogendra Sharma. 2013. “Conflict and Mental Health: A Cross-Sectional Epidemiological Study in Nepal.” Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 48 (2): 183–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-012-0539-0.

 

• Murray, Laura K., Wietse Tol, Mark Jordans, Goran Sabir Zangana, Ahmed Mohammed Amin, Paul Bolton, Judith Bass, Fransisco Javier Bonilla-Escobar, and Graham Thornicroft. 2014. “Dissemination and Implementation of Evidence Based, Mental Health Interventions in Post Conflict, Low Resource Settings.” Intervention (Amstelveen, Netherlands) 12 (Suppl 1): 94–112. https://doi.org/10.1097/WTF.0000000000000070.

 

• Murthy, R. Srinivasa. 2007. “Mass Violence and Mental Health--Recent Epidemiological Findings.” International Review of Psychiatry (Abingdon, England) 19 (3): 183–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260701365460.

 

• Murthy, R Srinivasa, and Rashmi Lakshminarayana. 2006. “Mental Health Consequences of War: A Brief Review of Research Findings.” World Psychiatry, 6.

 

• Nagai, Mari, Sandirasegaram Abraham, Miyoko Okamoto, Etsuko Kita, and Atsuko Aoyama. 2007. “Reconstruction of Health Service Systems in the Post-Conflict Northern Province in Sri Lanka.” Health Policy 83 (1): 84–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2006.12.001.

 

• Noel, Pia, Cliodhna Cork, and Ross G. White. 2018. “Social Capital and Mental Health in Post-Disaster/Conflict Contexts: A Systematic Review.” Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 12 (6): 791–802. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2017.147.

 

• Roberts, Bayard, and John Browne. 2011. “A Systematic Review of Factors Influencing the Psychological Health of Conflict-Affected Populations in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.” Global Public Health 6 (8): 814–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2010.511625.

 

• Roberts, Bayard, Kaducu Felix Ocaka, John Browne, Thomas Oyok, and Egbert Sondorp. 2008. “Factors Associated with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Depression amongst Internally Displaced Persons in Northern Uganda.” BMC Psychiatry 8 (May): 38. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-8-38.

 

• Schneider, Anna, Anett Pfeiffer, Daniela Conrad, Thomas Elbert, Iris-Tatjana Kolassa, and Sarah Wilker. 2020. “Does Cumulative Exposure to Traumatic Stressors Predict Treatment Outcome of Community-Implemented Exposure-Based Therapy for PTSD?” European Journal of Psychotraumatology 11 (1): 1789323. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1789323.

 

• Scholte, Willem, and Alastair Ager. 2014. “Social Capital and Mental Health: Connections and Complexities in Contexts of Post Conflict Recovery.” Intervention 12 (January): 210–18.

 

• Senarath, Upul, Kolitha Wickramage, and Sharika Lasanthi Peiris. 2014. “Prevalence of Depression and Its Associated Factors among Patients Attending Primary Care Settings in the Post-Conflict Northern Province in Sri Lanka: A Cross-Sectional Study.” BMC Psychiatry 14 (March): 85. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-14-85.

 

• Siriwardhana, Chesmal, Anushka Adikari, Kaushalya Jayaweera, and Athula Sumathipala. 2013. “Ethical Challenges in Mental Health Research among Internally Displaced People: Ethical Theory and Research Implementation.” BMC Medical Ethics 14 (March): 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6939-14-13.

 

• Tay, A. K., S. Rees, Z. Steel, B. Liddell, A. Nickerson, N. Tam, and D. Silove. 2017. “The Role of Grief Symptoms and a Sense of Injustice in the Pathways to Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Post-Conflict Timor-Leste.” Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 26 (4): 403–13. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796016000317.

 

• Verduin, Femke, Geert E. Smid, Tim R. Wind, and Willem F. Scholte. 2014. “In Search of Links between Social Capital, Mental Health and Sociotherapy: A Longitudinal Study in Rwanda.” Social Science & Medicine (1982) 121 (November): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.09.054.

 

• Wenzel, T, F Rushiti, F Aghani, G Diaconu, B Maxhuni, and W Zitterl. 2009. “Suicidal Ideation, Post-Traumatic Stress and Suicide Statistics in Kosovo” 19 (3): 10.

 

Literature identified in search but not referenced in article:

• Abramson, David M., Lynn M. Grattan, Brian Mayer, Craig E. Colten, Farah A. Arosemena, Ariane Bedimo-Rung, and Maureen Lichtveld. 2015. “The Resilience Activation Framework: A Conceptual Model of How Access to Social Resources Promotes Adaptation and Rapid Recovery in Post-Disaster Settings.” The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research 42 (1): 42–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-014-9410-2.

 

• Abu Suhaiban, Hiba, Lana Ruvolo Grasser, and Arash Javanbakht. 2019. “Mental Health of Refugees and Torture Survivors: A Critical Review of Prevalence, Predictors, and Integrated Care.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16 (13). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132309.

 

• Ahearn, Frederick L., and John H. Noble. 2004. “Post-Civil War Adaptation and Need in Managua, Nicaragua.” Journal of Biosocial Science 36 (4): 401–15. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021932004006625.

 

• Amin, Syed, and A.W. Khan. 2009. “Life in Conflict: Characteristics of Depression in Kashmir.” International Journal of Health Sciences 3 (2): 213–23.

 

• Amone-P’Olak, Kennedy, Peter B Jones, Rosemary Abbott, Richard Meiser-Stedman, Emilio Ovuga, and Tim J Croudace. 2013. “Cohort Profile: Mental Health Following Extreme Trauma in a Northern Ugandan Cohort of War-Affected Youth Study (The WAYS Study).” SpringerPlus 2 (July). https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-2-300.

 

• Ayazi, Touraj, Lars Lien, Arne Eide, Elizabeth Joseph Shadar Shadar, and Edvard Hauff. 2014. “Community Attitudes and Social Distance towards the Mentally Ill in South Sudan: A Survey from a Post-Conflict Setting with No Mental Health Services.” Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 49 (5): 771–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-013-0775-y.

 

• Ba, I., and R. S. Bhopal. 2017. “Physical, Mental and Social Consequences in Civilians Who Have Experienced War-Related Sexual Violence: A Systematic Review (1981–2014).” Public Health 142 (January): 121–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2016.07.019.

 

• Bass, J., S. Murray, G. Cole, P. Bolton, C. Poulton, K. Robinette, J. Seban, K. Falb, and J. Annan. 2016. “Economic, Social and Mental Health Impacts of an Economic Intervention for Female Sexual Violence Survivors in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo.” Global Mental Health 3 (June). https://doi.org/10.1017/gmh.2016.13.

 

• Betancourt, Theresa S., Ivelina Borisova, Timothy P. Williams, Sarah E. Meyers-Ohki, Julia E. Rubin-Smith, Jeannie Annan, and Brandon A. Kohrt. 2013. “Research Review: Psychosocial Adjustment and Mental Health in Former Child Soldiers – a Systematic Review of the Literature and Recommendations for Future Research.” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines 54 (1): 17–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02620.x.

 

• Betancourt, Theresa S., Robert T. Brennan, Julia Rubin-Smith, Garrett M. Fitzmaurice, and Stephen E. Gilman. 2010. “Sierra Leone’s Former Child Soldiers: A Longitudinal Study of Risk, Protective Factors, and Mental Health.” Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 49 (6): 606–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2010.03.008.

 

• Betancourt, Theresa S., Ryan McBain, Elizabeth A. Newnham, and Robert T. Brennan. 2013. “Trajectories of Internalizing Problems in War-Affected Sierra Leonean Youth: Examining Conflict and Post-Conflict Factors.” Child Development 84 (2): 455–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01861.x.

 

• Betancourt, Theresa S., Elizabeth A. Newnham, Ryan McBain, and Robert T. Brennan. 2013. “Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms among Former Child Soldiers in Sierra Leone: Follow-up Study.” The British Journal of Psychiatry 203 (3): 196–202. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.112.113514.

 

• Betancourt, Theresa S., Dana L. Thomson, Robert T. Brennan, Cara M. Antonaccio, Stephen E. Gilman, and Tyler J. VanderWeele. 2020. “Stigma and Acceptance of Sierra Leone’s Child Soldiers: A Prospective Longitudinal Study of Adult Mental Health and Social Functioning.” Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 59 (6): 715–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2019.05.026.

 

• Bromet, E. J., L. Atwoli, N. Kawakami, F. Navarro-Mateu, P. Piotrowski, A. J. King, S. Aguilar-Gaxiola, et al. 2017. “Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Associated with Natural and Human-Made Disasters in the World Mental Health Surveys.” Psychological Medicine 47 (2): 227–41. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291716002026.

 

• Browne, Amanda, Cyril Bennouna, Khudejha Asghar, Catalina Correa, Arturo Harker-Roa, and Lindsay Stark. 2019. “Risk and Refuge: Adolescent Boys’ Experiences of Violence in ‘Post-Conflict’ Colombia.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence, August, 886260519867150. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519867150.

 

• Burchert, Sebastian, Nadine Stammel, and Christine Knaevelsrud. 2017. “Transgenerational Trauma in a Post-Conflict Setting: Effects on Offspring PTSS/PTSD and Offspring Vulnerability in Cambodian Families.” Psychiatry Research 254: 151–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.04.033.

 

• Burgess, Rochelle Ann, and Laura Fonseca. 2020. “Re-Thinking Recovery in Post-Conflict Settings: Supporting the Mental Well-Being of Communities in Colombia.” Global Public Health 15 (2): 200–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2019.1663547.

 

• Campo-Arias, Adalberto, and Edwin Herazo. 2014. “Estigma y salud mental en personas víctimas del conflicto armado interno colombiano en situación de desplazamiento forzado.” Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría 43 (4): 212–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcp.2014.09.004.

 

• Coventry, Peter A., Nick Meader, Hollie Melton, Melanie Temple, Holly Dale, Kath Wright, Marylène Cloitre, et al. 2020. “Psychological and Pharmacological Interventions for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Comorbid Mental Health Problems Following Complex Traumatic Events: Systematic Review and Component Network Meta-Analysis.” Edited by Sarah Bendall. PLOS Medicine 17 (8): e1003262. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003262.

 

• De Silva, M. J. 2005. “Social Capital and Mental Illness: A Systematic Review.” Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 59 (8): 619–27. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2004.029678.

 

• De Vries, Albert K., and Niek S. Klazinga. 2006. “Mental Health Reform in Post-Conflict Areas: A Policy Analysis Based on Experiences in Bosnia Herzegovina and Kosovo.” European Journal of Public Health 16 (3): 247–52. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cki092.

 

• Dharitri, Ramaprasad, Suryanarayan N. Rao, and S. Kalyanasundaram. 2015. “Stigma of Mental Illness: An Interventional Study to Reduce Its Impact in the Community.” Indian Journal of Psychiatry 57 (2): 165–73. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.158175.

 

• Dossa, Nissou Ines, Maria Victoria Zunzunegui, Marie Hatem, and William Donald Fraser. 2015. “Mental Health Disorders Among Women Victims of Conflict-Related Sexual Violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 30 (13): 2199–2220. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514552447.

 

• Elbert, Thomas, Maggie Schauer, Elisabeth Schauer, Bianca Huschka, Michael Hirth, and Frank Neuner. 2009. “Trauma-Related Impairment in Children—A Survey in Sri Lankan Provinces Affected by Armed Conflict.” Child Abuse & Neglect 33 (4): 238–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.02.008.

 

• Espinoza, Elba Custodio, Miryam Rivera-Holguín, Manuel Seminario Pacheco, Eric Arenas Sotelo, and Paola Urruchi Béjar. “Women’s Participation in a Postconflict Community in Peru.” Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community 43 (4): 279–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/10852352.2014.973298.

 

• Eytan, Ariel, Ann Guthmiller, Sophie Durieux-Paillard, Louis Loutan, and Marianne Gex-Fabry. “Mental and Physical Health of Kosovar Albanians in Their Place of Origin: A Post-War 6-Year Follow-up Study.” Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 46 (10): 953–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-010-0269-0.

 

• Fitzgerald, Colleen, Amera Elkaied, and Inka Weissbecker. 2012. “Mapping of Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Post Conflict Libya:” Intervention 10 (2): 188–200. https://doi.org/10.1097/WTF.0b013e328355eb46.

 

• Foster, Holly, and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn. 2015. “Children’s Exposure to Community and War Violence and Mental Health in Four African Countries: A Stress Process Model.” Social Science & Medicine (1982) 146 (December): 292–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.10.020.

 

• Schneider et al. 2020. “Does Cumulative Exposure to Traumatic Stressors Predict Treatment Outcome of Community-Implemented Exposure-Based Therapy for PTSD?” European Journal of Psychotraumatology 11 (1): 1789323. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1789323.

 

• Gómez-Restrepo, Carlos, Viviana Cruz-Ramírez, Mauricio Medina-Rico, and Carlos J. Rincón. “Mental Health in Displaced Children by Armed Conflict - National Mental Health Survey Colombia 2015.” Actas Espanolas De Psiquiatria 46 (2): 51–57.

 

• Gómez-Restrepo, Carlos, Nathalie Tamayo-Martínez, Giancarlo Buitrago, Carol Cristina Guarnizo-Herreño, Nathaly Garzón-Orjuela, Javier Eslava-Schmalbach, Esther de Vries, Herney Rengifo, Andrea Rodríguez, and Carlos Javier Rincón. “Violencia por conflicto armado y prevalencias de trastornos del afecto, ansiedad y problemas mentales en la población adulta colombiana.” Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría 45 (December): 147–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcp.2016.11.001.

 

• Greene, M. Claire, Jeremy C. Kane, Kaveh Khoshnood, Peter Ventevogel, and Wietse A. Tol. 2018. “Challenges and Opportunities for Implementation of Substance Misuse Interventions in Conflict-Affected Populations.” Harm Reduction Journal 15 (November). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-018-0267-1.

 

• Gwaikolo, Wilfred S., Brandon A. Kohrt, and Janice L. Cooper. 2017. “Health System Preparedness for Integration of Mental Health Services in Rural Liberia.” BMC Health Services Research 17 (July). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-017-2447-1.

 

• Haer, Roos, Florian Scharpf, and Tobias Hecker. 2020. “The Social Legacies of Conflict: The Mediating Role of Mental Health With Regard to the Association Between War Exposure and Social Capital of Burundian Refugees.” Psychology of Violence 11 (September). https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000348.

 

• Hall, Brian J., Wietse A. Tol, Mark J. D. Jordans, Judith Bass, and Joop T. V. M. de Jong. 2014. “Understanding Resilience in Armed Conflict: Social Resources and Mental Health of Children in Burundi.” Social Science & Medicine (1982) 114 (August): 121–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.05.042.

 

• Halperin, Demian, Tal Levy, Sofia Avissar, and Gabriel Schreiber. 2017. “Severe Mental Illness and Acute Stress: A Study of Service Utilization in a Conflict Zone.” Psychiatric Quarterly 88 (1): 213–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-016-9451-1.

 

• Henderson, David C., Richard F. Mollica, Svang Tor, James Lavelle, Melissa A. Culhane, and Doug Hayden. 2005. “Building Primary Care Practitioners’ Attitudes and Confidence in Mental Health Skills in a Post-Conflict Society: A Cambodian Example.” The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 193 (8): 551–59. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000172869.01711.33.

 

• Hendrickx, M, A Woodward, D C Fuhr, E Sondorp, and B Roberts. 2020. “The Burden of Mental Disorders and Access to Mental Health and Psychosocial Support Services in Syria and among Syrian Refugees in Neighboring Countries: A Systematic Review.” Journal of Public Health 42 (3): e299–310. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdz097.

 

• Hopfensitz, Astrid, and Josepa Miquel-Florensa. n.d. “How Forced Displacement FLows A↵ect Public Good Contributions: The Social Consequences of Conflict in Colombia,” 28.

 

• Hossain, Mazeda, Rachel Jane Pearson, Alys McAlpine, Loraine J Bacchus, Jo Spangaro, Stella Muthuri, Sheru Muuo, et al. 2021. “Gender-Based Violence and Its Association with Mental Health among Somali Women in a Kenyan Refugee Camp: A Latent Class Analysis.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 75 (4): 327–34. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-214086.

 

• Hudcovská, Jana, and Kräuff Schwanhaeuser. 2020. “Psychosocial Impacts among Adolescents Disengaged from Colombian Illegal Armed Groups and Challenges to Their Attention.” Central European Journal of Public Health 28 (1): 79–81. https://doi.org/10.21101/cejph.a6053.

 

• Jegannathan, Bhoomikumar, Gunnar Kullgren, and Parameshvara Deva. 2015. “Mental Health Services in Cambodia, Challenges and Opportunities in a Post-Conflict Setting.” Asian Journal of Psychiatry 13 (February): 75–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2014.12.006.

 

• Johnson, Kirsten, Jana Asher, Michael Kisielewski, and Lynn Lawry. 2012. “Former Combatants in Liberia: The Burden of Possible Traumatic Brain Injury Among Demobilized Combatants.” Military Medicine 177 (5): 531–40. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-11-00185.

 

• Jones, Lynne. 2008. “Responding to the Needs of Children in Crisis.” International Review of Psychiatry 20 (3): 291–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260801996081.

 

• Jones, Lynne, and Konstantinos Kafetsios. “Assessing Adolescent Mental Health in War-Affected Societies: The Significance of Symptomsଝ.” Child Abuse, 22.

 

• Kadir, Ayesha, Sherry Shenoda, and Jeffrey Goldhagen. 2019. “Effects of Armed Conflict on Child Health and Development: A Systematic Review.” PLOS ONE 14 (1): e0210071. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210071.

 

• Keough, Mary Ellen, Tal Simmons, and Margaret Samuels. 2004. “Missing Persons in Post-Conflict Settings: Best Practices for Integrating Psychosocial and Scientific Approaches.” Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health 124 (6): 271–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/146642400412400615.

 

• Kett, Maria E. 2005. “Internally Displaced Peoples in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Impacts of Long-Term Displacement on Health and Well-Being.” Medicine, Conflict and Survival 21 (3): 199–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/13623690500166028.

 

• Khalily, Muhammad Tahir. 2011. “Mental Health Problems in Pakistani Society as a Consequence of Violence and Trauma: A Case for Better Integration of Care.” International Journal of Integrated Care 11 (October). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3225239/.

 

• Kienzler, Hanna. 2008. “Debating War-Trauma and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in an Interdisciplinary Arena.” Social Science & Medicine 67 (2): 218–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.030.

 

• Kienzler, Hanna, and Duncan Pedersen. 2012. “Strange but Common Bedfellows: The Relationship between Humanitarians and the Military in Developing Psychosocial Interventions for Civilian Populations Affected by Armed Conflict.” Transcultural Psychiatry 49 (3–4): 492–518. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461512447927.

 

• Kienzler, Hanna, and Ram P. Sapkota. 2020. “The Long-Term Mental Health Consequences of Torture, Loss, and Insecurity: A Qualitative Study Among Survivors of Armed Conflict in the Dang District of Nepal.” Frontiers in Psychiatry https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00941.

 

• Kohrt, Brandon A., Daniel J. Hruschka, Carol M. Worthman, Richard D. Kunz, Jennifer L. Baldwin, Nawaraj Upadhaya, Nanda Raj Acharya, et al. 2012. “Political Violence and Mental Health in Nepal: Prospective Study.” The British Journal of Psychiatry 201 (4): 268–75. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.096222.

 

• Kohrt, Brandon A., Mark J.D. Jordans, Wietse A. Tol, Em Perera, Rohit Karki, Suraj Koirala, and Nawaraj Upadhaya. 2010. “Social Ecology of Child Soldiers: Child, Family, and Community Determinants of Mental Health, Psychosocial Wellbeing, and Reintegration in Nepal.” Transcultural Psychiatry 47 (5). https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461510381290.

 

• Kruk, Margaret E., Peter C. Rockers, S. Tornorlah Varpilah, and Rose Macauley. 2011. “Which Doctor?: Determinants of Utilization of Formal and Informal Health Care in Postconflict Liberia.” Medical Care 49 (6): 585–91. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e31820f0dd4.

 

• Lunze, F I, C Offergeld, T Eichhorn, Z Tsorieva, C Esenov, and K Lunze. n.d. “Trauma in Conflict and Postconflict Settings: Contributions to Health Systems Strengthening.” MINERVA CHIRURGICA 68 (3): 8.

 

• Makwana, Nikunj. 2019. “Disaster and Its Impact on Mental Health: A Narrative Review.” Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 8 (10): 3090–95. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_893_19.

 

• Medeiros, Emilie. 2007. “Integrating Mental Health into Post-Conflict Rehabilitation: The Case of Sierra Leonean and Liberian `Child Soldiers’.” Journal of Health Psychology 12 (3): 498–504. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105307076236.

 

• Medeiros, Emilie, Prabin Nanicha Shrestha, Himal Gaire, and David M. R. Orr. 2020. “Life after Armed Group Involvement in Nepal: A Clinical Ethnography of Psychological Well-Being of Former ‘Child Soldiers’ over Time.” Transcultural Psychiatry 57 (1): 183–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461519850338.

 

• Miller, Kenneth E., Madhur Kulkarni, and Hallie Kushner. “Beyond Trauma-Focused Psychiatric Epidemiology: Bridging Research and Practice with War-Affected Populations.” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 76 (4): 409–22. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.409.

 

• Miller, Kenneth E., Patricia Omidian, Andrew Rasmussen, Aziz Yaqubi, and Haqmal Daudzai. 2008. “Daily Stressors, War Experiences, and Mental Health in Afghanistan.” Transcultural Psychiatry 45 (4): 611–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461508100785.

 

• Minas, Harry. 2012. “The Centre for International Mental Health Approach to Mental Health System Development.” Harvard Review of Psychiatry 20 (1): 37–46. https://doi.org/10.3109/10673229.2012.649090.

 

• Mugisha, James, Herbert Muyinda, Samuel Malamba, and Eugene Kinyanda. 2015. “Major Depressive Disorder Seven Years after the Conflict in Northern Uganda: Burden, Risk Factors and Impact on Outcomes (The Wayo-Nero Study).” BMC Psychiatry 15 (March). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-015-0423-z.

 

• Neuner, Frank, Maggie Schauer, Unni Karunakara, Christine Klaschik, Christina Robert, and Thomas Elbert. 2004. “Psychological Trauma and Evidence for Enhanced Vulnerability for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder through Previous Trauma among West Nile Refugees.” BMC Psychiatry 4 (1): 34. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-4-34.

 

• Ni, Michael Y, Yoona Kim, Ian McDowell, Suki Wong, Hong Qiu, Irene OL Wong, Sandro Galea, and Gabriel M Leung. 2020. “Mental Health during and after Protests, Riots and Revolutions: A Systematic Review.” Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 54 (3): 232–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867419899165.

 

• Nordt, C., W. Rossler, and C. Lauber. 2005. “Attitudes of Mental Health Professionals Toward People With Schizophrenia and Major Depression.” Schizophrenia Bulletin 32 (4): 709–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbj065.

 

• Organization, World Health. 2000. “Mental Health and Psychosocial Care in Conflict and Post-Conflict Situations : From Crisis through Reconstruction.” https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/66754.

 

• Osorio-Cuellar, Gisel Viviana, Sara Gabriela Pacichana-Quinayáz, Francisco Javier Bonilla-Escobar, Andrés Fandiño-Losada, and Maria Isabel Gutiérrez-Martinez. “Perceptions about Implementation of a Narrative Community-Based Group Therapy for Afro-Colombians Victims of Violence.” Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 22 (9): 3045–52. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232017229.00402016.

 

• Percival, Valerie, Esther Dusabe-Richards, Haja Wurie, Justine Namakula, Sarah Ssali, and Sally Theobald. 2018. “Are Health Systems Interventions Gender Blind? Examining Health System Reconstruction in Conflict Affected States.” Globalization and Health 14 (August). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-018-0401-6.

 

• Pérez-Olmos, Isabel, Patricia E. Fernández-Piñeres, and Sonia Rodado-Fuentes. 2005. “Prevalencia del trastorno por estrés postraumático por la guerra, en niños de Cundinamarca, Colombia.” Revista de Salud Pública 7 (3): 268–80. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0124-00642005000300003.

 

• Rivera-Holguin, Miryam, Tesania Velazquez, Elba Custodio, and Jozef Corveleyn. 2018. “Improving Community Mental Health Services for People Affected by Political Violence in Ayacucho, Perú.” Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community 46 (1): 100–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/10852352.2018.1386352.

 

• Roberts, B., N. Makhashvili, J. Javakhishvili, A. Karachevskyy, N. Kharchenko, M. Shpiker, and E. Richardson. 2017. “Mental Health Care Utilisation among Internally Displaced Persons in Ukraine: Results from a Nation-Wide Survey.” Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 28 (1): 100–111. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796017000385.

 

• Rosellini, A. J., H. Liu, M. V. Petukhova, N. A. Sampson, S. Aguilar-Gaxiola, J. Alonso, G. Borges, et al. 2018. “Recovery from DSM-IV Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys.” Psychological Medicine 48 (3): 437–50. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291717001817.

 

• Sabes-Figuera, Ramon, Paul McCrone, Marija Bogic, Dean Ajdukovic, Tanja Franciskovic, Niccolò Colombini, Abdulah Kucukalic, et al. 2012. “Long-Term Impact of War on Healthcare Costs: An Eight-Country Study.” PLoS ONE 7 (1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029603.

 

• Samuels, Fiona, Nicola Jones, and Bassam Abu Hamad. 2017. “Psychosocial Support for Adolescent Girls in Post-Conflict Settings: Beyond a Health Systems Approach.” Health Policy and Planning 32 (Suppl 5): v40–51. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czx127.

 

• Schlaudt, Victoria A., Rahel Bosson, Monnica T. Williams, Benjamin German, Lisa M. Hooper, Virginia Frazier, Ruth Carrico, and Julio Ramirez. 2020. “Traumatic Experiences and Mental Health Risk for Refugees.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17 (6). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061943.

 

• Schneider, Anna, Daniela Conrad, Anett Pfeiffer, Thomas Elbert, Iris-Tatjana Kolassa, and Sarah Wilker. 2018. “Stigmatization Is Associated With Increased PTSD Risk After Traumatic Stress and Diminished Likelihood of Spontaneous Remission–A Study With East-African Conflict Survivors.” Frontiers in Psychiatry 9 (October). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00423.

 

• Scott, Kate M., Karestan C. Koenen, Andrew King, Maria V. Petukhova, Jordi Alonso, Evelyn J. Bromet, Ronny Bruffaerts, et al. 2018. “Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Associated with Sexual Assault among Women in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys.” Psychological Medicine 48 (1): 155–67. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291717001593.

 

• Shah, Safieh, Rafael Van den Bergh, Benedicte Van Bellinghen, Nathalie Severy, Sana Sadiq, Sher Ali Afridi, Asma Akhtar, et al. 2014. “Offering Mental Health Services in a Conflict Affected Region of Pakistan: Who Comes, and Why?” PLoS ONE 9 (6). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097939.

 

• Shamia, N. A., A. A. M. Thabet, and P. Vostanis. 2015. “Exposure to War Traumatic Experiences, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Post-Traumatic Growth among Nurses in Gaza: War Impact on Nurses in Gaza.” Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 22 (10): 749–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12264.

 

• Shoeb, Marwa, Harvey Weinstein, and Richard Mollica. 2007. “The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire: Adapting a Cross-Cultural Instrument for Measuring Torture, Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Iraqi Refugees.” International Journal of Social Psychiatry 53 (5): 447–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764007078362.

 

• Silove, Derrick, Robert Brooks, Catherine Robina Bateman Steel, Zachary Steel, Kalhari Hewage, James Rodger, and Ian Soosay. 2009. “Explosive Anger as a Response to Human Rights Violations in Post-Conflict Timor-Leste.” Social Science & Medicine (1982) 69 (5): 670–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.06.030.

 

• Silove, Derrick, Alvin Kuowei Tay, Moses Kareth, and Susan Rees. 2017. “The Relationship of Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in a Culturally Distinct, Conflict-Affected Population: A Study among West Papuan Refugees Displaced to Papua New Guinea.” Frontiers in Psychiatry https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00073.

 

• Siriwardhana, Chesmal, Anushka Adikari, Gayani Pannala, Bayard Roberts, Sisira Siribaddana, Melanie Abas, Athula Sumathipala, and Robert Stewart. 2015. “Changes in Mental Disorder Prevalence among Conflict-Affected Populations: A Prospective Study in Sri Lanka (COMRAID-R).” BMC Psychiatry 15 (March). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-015-0424-y.

 

• Somasundaram, Daya, and Sambasivamoorthy Sivayokan. 2013. “Rebuilding Community Resilience in a Post-War Context: Developing Insight and Recommendations - a Qualitative Study in Northern Sri Lanka.” International Journal of Mental Health Systems 7 (January): 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-4458-7-3.

 

• Straiton, Melanie L., Anne Reneflot, and Esperanza Diaz. 2017. “Mental Health of Refugees and Non-Refugees from War-Conflict Countries: Data from Primary Healthcare Services and the Norwegian Prescription Database.” Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 19 (3): 582–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-016-0450-y.

 

• Tamayo Martínez, Nathalie, Carlos Javier Rincón Rodríguez, Cecilia de Santacruz, Nubia Bautista Bautista, Jaime Collazos, and Carlos Gómez–Restrepo. 2016. “Problemas mentales, trastornos del afecto y de ansiedad en la población desplazada por la violencia en Colombia, resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental 2015.” Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría 45 (December): 113–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcp.2016.09.004.

 

• Tay, A. K., S. Rees, Z. Steel, B. Liddell, A. Nickerson, N. Tam, and D. Silove. 2016. “The Role of Grief Symptoms and a Sense of Injustice in the Pathways to Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Post-Conflict Timor-Leste.” Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 26 (4): 403–13. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796016000317.

 

• Tay, AK, S Rees, Z Steel, N Tam, Z Soares, C Soares, and DM Silove. 2016. “Six-Year Trajectories of Post-Traumatic Stress and Severe Psychological Distress Symptoms and Associations with Timing of Trauma Exposure, Ongoing Adversity and Sense of Injustice: A Latent Transition Analysis of a Community Cohort in Conflict-Affected Timor-Leste.” BMJ Open 6 (2). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010205.

 

• Taylor, Laura K. 2016. “Impact of Political Violence, Social Trust, and Depression on Civic Participation in Colombia.” Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology 22 (2): 145–52. https://doi.org/10.1037/pac0000139.

 

• Torre, Costanza, Sophie Mylan, Melissa Parker, and Tim Allen. 2019. “Is Promoting War Trauma Such a Good Idea?” Anthropology Today 35 (6): 3–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8322.12538.

 

• Verelst, A., M. De Schryver, L. De Haene, E. Broekaert, and I. Derluyn. “The Mediating Role of Stigmatization in the Mental Health of Adolescent Victims of Sexual Violence in Eastern Congo.” Child Abuse & Neglect 38 (7): 1139–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.04.003.

 

• Verelst, An, Maarten De Schryver, Eric Broekaert, and Ilse Derluyn. “Mental Health of Victims of Sexual Violence in Eastern Congo: Associations with Daily Stressors, Stigma, and Labeling.” BMC Women’s Health 14 (September): 106. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6874-14-106.

 

• Wagner, Glenn, Peter Glick, and Umaiyeh Khammash. 2020. “Exposure to Violence and Its Relationship to Mental Health among Young People in Palestine.” Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 26 (2): 189–97. https://doi.org/10.26719/2020.26.2.189.

 

• Williams, Meagan E., and Sandra C. Thompson. 2011. “The Use of Community-Based Interventions in Reducing Morbidity from the Psychological Impact of Conflict-Related Trauma Among Refugee Populations: A Systematic Review of the Literature.” Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 13 (4): 780–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-010-9417-6.

 

• Wind, Tim R., Ichiro Kawachi, and Ivan H. Komproe. 2021. “Multilevel Social Mechanisms of Post-Disaster Depression.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18 (2). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020391.

 

Secondary literature (identified through ‘snowballing’)

• Annan, Jeannie, Christopher Blattman, Khristopher Carlson, and Dyan Mazurana. 2007. “Survey of War Affected Youth (SWAY) - Research Brief Integration,” no. 11. https://chrisblattman.com/documents/policy/sway/SWAY.ResearchBrief.Reintegration.pdf.

 

• Attanayake, Vindya, Rachel McKay, Michel Joffres, Sonal Singh, Frederick Burkle, and Edward Mills. 2009. “Prevalence of Mental Disorders among Children Exposed to War: A Systematic Review of 7,920 Children.” Medicine, Conflict, and Survival 25 (1): 4–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13623690802568913.

 

• Beiser, Morton, Owens Wiwa, and Sylvia Adebajo. 2010. “Human-Initiated Disaster, Social Disorganization and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder above Nigeria’s Oil Basins.” Social Science & Medicine 71 (2): 221–27.

 

• Bell, Vaughan, Fernanda Méndez, Carmen Martínez, Pedro Pablo Palma, and Marc Bosch. “Characteristics of the Colombian Armed Conflict and the Mental Health of Civilians Living in Active Conflict Zones.” Conflict and Health 6 (1): 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-1505-6-10.

 

• Boyce, William, Michael Koros, and Jennifer Hodgson. 2002. “Community Based Rehabilitation: A Strategy for Peace-Building.” BMC International Health and Human Rights 2 (November): 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-698X-2-6.

 

• Brown, Felicity L., Anne M. de Graaff, Jeannie Annan, and Theresa S. Betancourt. 2017. “Annual Research Review: Breaking Cycles of Violence - a Systematic Review and Common Practice Elements Analysis of Psychosocial Interventions for Children and Youth Affected by Armed Conflict.” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines 58 (4): 507–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12671.

 

• Brown, Graham, Arnim Langer, and Frances Stewart. 2011. “A Typology of Post-Conflict Environments.” Centre for Research on Peace and Development, no. 1: 22.

 

• Charlson, Fiona, Mark van Ommeren, Abraham Flaxman, Joseph Cornett, Harvey Whiteford, and Shekhar Saxena. 2019. “New WHO Prevalence Estimates of Mental Disorders in Conflict Settings: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” The Lancet 394 (10194): 240–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30934-1.

 

• Crisp, Arthur H., Michael G. Gelder, Susannah Rix, Howard I. Meltzer, and Olwen J. Rowlands. 2000. “Stigmatisation of People with Mental Illnesses.” The British Journal of Psychiatry 177 (1): 4–7. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.177.1.4.

 

• Delić, Amra. 2014. “Academic Model of Trauma Healing in Post-War Societies.” Acta Medica Academica 43 (1): 76–80. https://doi.org/10.5644/ama2006-124.103.

 

• El-Badri, Selim, and Graham Mellsop. “Stigma and Quality of Life as Experienced by People with Mental Illness.” Australasian Psychiatry: Bulletin of Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists 15 (3): 195–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/10398560701320089.

 

• Hassanzadeh, Jafar, Mohsen Asadi-Lari, Haleh Ghaem, Aziz Kassani, Mohsen Niazi, and Rostam Menati. 2018. “The Association of Poor Mental Health Status and Sociocultural Factors in Men: A Population-Based Study in Tehran, Iran.” American Journal of Men’s Health 12 (1): 96–103. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988316630720.

 

• Hoge, Charles W., Carl A. Castro, Stephen C. Messer, Dennis McGurk, Dave I. Cotting, and Robert L. Koffman. 2004. “Combat Duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, Mental Health Problems, and Barriers to Care.” New England Journal of Medicine 351 (1): 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa040603.

 

• Karam, E. G., M. M. Salamoun, Z. N. Mneimneh, J. A. Fayyad, A. N. Karam, R. Hajjar, H. Dimassi, M. K. Nock, and R. C. Kessler. 2012. “War and First Onset of Suicidality: The Role of Mental Disorders.” Psychological Medicine 42 (10): 2109–18. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291712000268.

 

• Kisa, Rose, Florence Baingana, Rehema Kajungu, Patrick O. Mangen, Mangesh Angdembe, Wilfred Gwaikolo, and Janice Cooper. 2016a. “Pathways and Access to Mental Health Care Services by Persons Living with Severe Mental Disorders and Epilepsy in Uganda, Liberia and Nepal: A Qualitative Study.” BMC Psychiatry 16: 305. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-1008-1.

 

• Knaak, Stephanie, Ed Mantler, and Andrew Szeto. 2017. “Mental Illness-Related Stigma in Healthcare.” Healthcare Management Forum 30 (2): 111–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/0840470416679413.

 

• Kunovich, R. M., and R. Hodson. 1999. “Civil War, Social Integration and Mental Health in Croatia.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 40 (4): 323–43.
• Lin, Xiaoming, Ruodan Lu, Liang Guo, and Bing Liu. 2019. “Social Capital and Mental Health in Rural and Urban China: A Composite Hypothesis Approach.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16 (4). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040665.

 

• Martin, Christina Gamache, Lisa DeMarni Cromer, Anne P. DePrince, and Jennifer J. Freyd. 2013. “The Role of Cumulative Trauma, Betrayal, and Appraisals in Understanding Trauma Symptomatology.” Psychological Trauma : Theory, Research, Practice and Policy 52 (2): 110–18. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025686.

 

• Moore, S., and I. Kawachi. 2017. “Twenty Years of Social Capital and Health Research: A Glossary.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 71 (5): 513–17. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2016-208313.

 

• Morina, Naser, Aemal Akhtar, Jürgen Barth, and Ulrich Schnyder. 2018. “Psychiatric Disorders in Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons After Forced Displacement: A Systematic Review.” Frontiers in Psychiatry 9 (September). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00433.

 

• Nakayama, Risa, Ai Koyanagi, Andrew Stickley, Tetsuo Kondo, Stuart Gilmour, Aliriza Arenliu, and Kenji Shibuya. 2014. “Social Networks and Mental Health in Post-Conflict Mitrovica, Kosova.” BMC Public Health; London 14: 1169. http://dx.doi.org.ep.fjernadgang.kb.dk/10.1186/1471-2458-14-1169.

 

• Roberts, Bayard, and John Browne. 2011. “A Systematic Review of Factors Influencing the Psychological Health of Conflict-Affected Populations in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.” Global Public Health 6 (8): 814–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2010.511625.

 

• Rubenstein, Leonard S. 2011. “Post-Conflict Health Reconstruction: Search for a Policy.” Disasters 35 (4): 680–700. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.2010.01237.x.

 

• Shannon, Patricia J., Elizabeth Wieling, Jennifer Simmelink-McCleary, and Emily Becher. 2015. “Beyond Stigma: Barriers to Discussing Mental Health in Refugee Populations.” Journal of Loss and Trauma 20 (3): 281–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2014.934629.

 

• Shultz, James M., Dana Rose Garfin, Zelde Espinel, Ricardo Araya, Maria A. Oquendo, Milton L. Wainberg, Roberto Chaskel, et al. 2014. “Internally Displaced ‘Victims of Armed Conflict’ in Colombia: The Trajectory and Trauma Signature of Forced Migration.” Current Psychiatry Reports 16 (10): 475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-014-0475-7.

 

• Silva, Mary J. De, Kwame McKenzie, Trudy Harpham, and Sharon R. A. Huttly. 2005. “Social Capital and Mental Illness: A Systematic Review.” Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 59 (8): 619–27. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2004.029678.

 

• Steel, Zachary, Tien Chey, Derrick Silove, Claire Marnane, Richard A. Bryant, and Mark van Ommeren. 2009. “Association of Torture and Other Potentially Traumatic Events with Mental Health Outcomes among Populations Exposed to Mass Conflict and Displacement: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” JAMA 302 (5): 537–49. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1132.

 

• Thornicroft, Graham, Diana Rose, Aliya Kassam, and Norman Sartorius. 2007. “Stigma: Ignorance, Prejudice or Discrimination?” The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science 190 (March): 192–93. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.106.025791.

 

• Voorst, Maarten Van Voorst Tot. 2008. “Postconflict Development: Meeting New Challenges, Gerd Junne and Willemijn Verkoren (Eds).” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 16 (1): 67–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5973.2008.00532_4.x.

 

Books:

• Arnold, Joan, Sherri Sheinfeld Gorin, and Sherri Sheinfeld Gorin. 2006. Health Promotion in Practice. Hoboken, UNITED STATES: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated.

 

• Goffman, Erving. 1986. Stigma, Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. New York: Simon & Schuster.

 

• Schmid, Alex P. n.d. Thesaurus and Glossery of the Early Warning and Conflict Prevention Terms.